In order to solve the problems of spectrum shortage caused by massive data exchange in industrial internet of things， cognitive radio technology is applied to the industrial internet of things in this paper. This paper proposes a spectrum allocation strategy based on improved sparrow algorithm and power control in cognitive industrial internet of things（CIIOT）. This strategy is based on the premise of maximizing fairness and energy efficiency. First， this paper uses improved binary sparrow search algorithm（IBSSA） based on improved map compass operator and step-size factor， which is used to allocate spectrum for CIIOT users. Then， in the communication process to optimize the transmitting power， this paper uses the closed-loop power control algorithm based on receiving SINR to adjust the dynamic power of the users. Finally， the energy efficiency and fairness of the system are taken as evaluation indexes， and the binary sparrow algorithm （BSSA） and binary bat algorithm （BBA） are compared. Simulation results demonstrate that IBSSA can achieve higher system energy efficiency and user fairness than BSSA and BBA， showing that the proposed optimization strategy significantly improves the fairness and energy efficiency of the CIIOT.