The 3D structure of protein determines its special biological function. The 3D structure of protein has important scientific significance for protein function research， disease diagnosis and treatment， and innovative drug research and development. It is an effective method to predict protein 3D structure from amino acid sequence by computer. Fragment assembly is a widely used technique for protein structure prediction， which can effectively reduce the conformational search space by converting continuous conformational space optimization into discrete experimental fragment combination optimization. This paper first introduces the technology of fragment assembly. Next， the development of protein structure prediction based on fragment assembly is summarized， and some typical prediction methods are briefly described. The commonly used databases and evaluation indexes in protein structure prediction are then demonstrated， and the performance of the representative prediction methods is compared. Finally， we analyse and point out the challenges of the current protein structure prediction methods based on fragment assembly， and look forward to the future research directions in this field.