Electromagnetic spectrum resources are strategically scarce national resources， and the electromagnetic spectrum space has become the sixth-dimensional operational domain. Against the backdrop of the development of the sixth-generation mobile communication （6G） and the acceleration of the low-altitude economy， the scale of frequency-using equipment continues to expand， and the demand for spectrum use is becoming increasingly complex and diverse. The spectrum environment exhibits highly dynamic and time-varying characteristics， leading to the intensification of spectrum resource scarcity， the increasingly prominent spectrum security threat， and more intense spectrum confrontation situations. Traditional spectrum management systems based on passive sensing face significant bottlenecks in terms of sensing accuracy， response timeliness， and collaborative capabilities. Electromagnetic spectrum cognitive intelligent management and control， driven by emerging technologies such as large spectrum models， relies on multimodal spectrum sensing， multi-level spectrum cognition， and multi-factor spectrum decision-making to establish an integrated “Observe-Cognition-Decide-Act” cognitive decision-making loop. It promotes the evolution of spectrum management from static planning and passive response to dynamic allocation and proactive regulation， gradually moving toward higher levels of intelligence and automation， to support spectrum management needs in future complex electromagnetic environments. This paper systematically reviews the technical system architecture， the cognitive decision-making loop mechanism， and key technologies of electromagnetic spectrum cognitive intelligence， and offers an outlook on future trends. It aims to provide theoretical reference and technical guidance for addressing the challenges of efficient spectrum management in complex electromagnetic environments and for constructing the next-generation， fully autonomous cognitive intelligent spectrum management system.Highlights： 1. This paper innovatively proposes an integrated cognitive decision-making closed loop driven by a cognitive intelligence engine， promoting the paradigm shift of spectrum management from static planning and passive response to dynamic allocation and proactive control. 2. This paper systematically constructs the cognitive intelligence technology system for the electromagnetic spectrum and the evolution path of next-generation full-domain autonomous control systems， providing theoretical references and technical guidance for addressing the challenges of efficient spectrum management in complex electromagnetic environments.