面向低空高密度飞行安全的无人机识别信息可信构造与容量分析
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作者单位:

清华大学电子工程系,北京 100084

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基金项目:

企业创新发展联合基金(U22B2001)。


Trustworthy Remote Identification and Capacity Analysis for High-Density Low-Altitude UAV Safety
Author:
Affiliation:

Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Fund Project:

Joint Fund for Enterprise Innovation and Development (No.U22B2001).

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    摘要:

    随着中国低空经济的高速发展,低空空域呈现超大规模节点接入与超高密度频谱复用的新特征,无人机实时安全监管成为重大挑战。根据中国强制性标准要求及民航局规定,无人机需以广播形式对其运行识别信息进行不间断报送,地面监测节点以此进行身份识别。然而标准广播模式缺乏源可信认证机制,存在较大安全隐患,且现有研究缺乏针对我国标准格式的广播容量理论分析与量化评估。针对以上问题,本文提出使用国密SM2算法的广播式运行识别信息可信构造方法,在标准广播报文基础上附加数字签名,形成抗攻击的强认证能力,规避国际算法后门风险。其次,建立适用于Wi-Fi信标广播体制的低空信道容量理论分析,并通过仿真实验验证表明载波侦听多址接入(Carrier sense multiple access,CSMA)机制相较纯ALOHA协议性能提升约85%。在理想信道环境假设下,使用2.4 GHz单频段、20 MHz带宽、1 s更新周期及18 dBm发射功率,引入国密签名后的可信广播理论容量为82架/km2,有效满足当下15~22架/km2的高密度容量需求。为降低引入签名带来的容量影响,本文进一步提出可变频次签名策略,在高密度场景下减少容量损失,同时确保身份认证信息的完整性与不可抵赖性。本文提出的签名方法与容量分析模型可为未来低空监管系统部署提供理论依据与设计参考。

    Abstract:

    With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy in China, the low-altitude airspace is characterized by massive device connectivity and intensive spectrum utilization, posing significant challenges to the real-time safety supervision of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). According to China’s mandatory standards and civil aviation regulations, UAVs are required to continuously broadcast their Remote identification (Remote ID) information for monitoring and identification. However, the absence of source authentication in standard broadcast protocols introduces security risks. Moreover, existing research lacks theoretical capacity analysis and quantitative evaluation specifically for the Chinese standard broadcast format. To address these issues, this paper proposes a trustworthy construction method for broadcast Remote ID utilizing the national SM2 cryptographic algorithm. By appending digital signatures to standard messages, this method ensures resilient authentication and eliminates potential security vulnerabilities inherent in international algorithms. Furthermore, we formulate a channel capacity model for the Wi-Fi Beacon broadcast system. Simulation results show that the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) mechanism achieves an 85% performance improvement compared to the pure ALOHA protocol. Under ideal channel assumptions, using 2.4 GHz single-band, 20 MHz bandwidth, 1 s update cycle, and 18 dBm transmission power, the theoretical capacity of the trustworthy broadcast with SM2 signatures is 82 aircraft/km2, which effectively meets the current high-density capacity demand of approximately 15—22 aircraft/km2. Additionally, a dynamic signature frequency strategy is developed to balance security and capacity. The proposed signing method and capacity analysis model provide a theoretical foundation and design reference for the future deployment of low-altitude regulatory systems.

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孙汉存,白子轩,许晋,葛宁.面向低空高密度飞行安全的无人机识别信息可信构造与容量分析[J].数据采集与处理,2026,(1):53-65

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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-15
  • 最后修改日期:2026-01-13
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  • 在线发布日期: 2026-02-13